Differences between cropland and rangeland MODIS phenology (start-of-season) in Mali     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2014

Start-of-season data are more and more used to qualify the land surface phenology trends in relation with climate variability and, more rarely, with human land management. In this paper, we compared the phenology of rangeland vs cropped land in the Sahel belt of Africa, using the only currently available global phenology product (MODIS MCD12Q2 – Land Cover Dynamics Yearly), and an enhanced crop mask of Mali. The differences in terms of start-of-season (SOS) are spatially (north south gradient), and temporally (10 years, 2001–2009) analyzed in bioclimatic terms. Our results show that globally the MODIS MCD12Q2 SOS dates of croplands and rangelands differ, and that these differences depend on the bioclimatic zone. In Sahelian and Guinean regions, cropland vegetation begins to grow earlier than rangeland vegetation (8-day and 4-day advance, respectively). Between, in the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian parts of Mali, rangeland vegetation greens about one week earlier than croplands. These results are discussed in the context of the land surface heterogeneity at MODIS scale, and in the context of the natural vegetation ecology. These results could help interpreting phenological trends in climate change analysis.  相似文献   

Using multi-date high spectral resolution data to assess the physiological status of macroscopically undamaged foliage on a regional scale     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2014

Forests play an important role in regulation of the global climate; moreover, they provide human beings with a whole range of ecosystem services. Forest health and ecosystem functioning have been influenced by anthropogenic activities and their consequences, such as air pollution, surface mining, heavy metal contamination, and other biotic and abiotic stress factors, which had an especially serious effect on central Europe. Many aspects of the physiological state of trees are more or less related to the concentrations of two main groups of leaf photosynthetic pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Therefore, their contents can be used as non-specific indicators of the actual tree physiological status, stress and the pre-visible tree damage. Variations in leaf biochemical composition affect foliar optical properties and can be assessed remotely using high spectral resolution data (hyperspectral data). These data were successfully used in earlier studies to detect vegetation stress and damage. However, only a few approaches have dealt with the use of hyperspectral remote sensing to assess vegetation physiological status on a regional scale. Moreover, little or no research has been done on assessing vegetation health while utilizing multi-date hyperspectral images.In this study, the method for assessing forest health conditions using optical indices retrieved from hyperspectral data was applied to the two temporal HyMap date sets acquired in 07/2009 and 08/2010 to detect stress for the Norway spruce forests in Sokolov, NW Bohemia, a region affected by long-term extensive mining. The classification results were validated by ground truth data (total chlorophyll – Cab, carotenoids – Car and carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio – Car/Cab) and were associated with the geochemical conditions of the forest stands. Both biochemical analysis of the sampled foliage and classification of 2009 and 2010 hyperspectral image identified the same sites affected by vegetation stress. In addition to higher Car/Cab, which enabled detection of the stressed trees using hyperspectral image data, these sites showed critically low pH and lower values for the macronutrient parameters in both organic horizons and, in addition, both sites exhibit critically low base cation to aluminum ratios (Bc/Al) for lower organic and top mineral (0–20 cm) soil horizons.The results of this study demonstrate (i) the potential application of hyperspectral remote sensing as a rapid method of identifying tree stress prior to symptom expression, and (ii) the added value of multi-temporal approaches for hyperspectral data and its further potential for monitoring forest ecosystems.  相似文献   

Energetic electron observations of Rhea’s magnetospheric interaction     

E. Roussos  P. Kollmann  N. Krupp  C. Paranicas  S.M. Krimigis  D.G. Mitchell  A.M. Persoon  D.A. Gurnett  W.S. Kurth  H. Kriegel  S. Simon  K.K. Khurana  G.H. Jones  J.-E. Wahlund  M.K.G. Holmberg 《Icarus》2012,221(1):116-134

Saturn’s moon Rhea is thought to be a simple plasma absorber, however, energetic particle observations in its vicinity show a variety of unexpected and complex interaction features that do not conform with our current understanding about plasma absorbing interactions. Energetic electron data are especially interesting, as they contain a series of broad and narrow flux depletions on either side of the moon’s wake. The association of these dropouts with absorption by dust and boulders orbiting within Rhea’s Hill sphere was suggested but subsequently not confirmed, so in this study we review data from all four Cassini flybys of Rhea to date seeking evidence for alternative processes operating within the moon’s interaction region. We focus on energetic electron observations, which we put in context with magnetometer, cold plasma density and energetic ion data. All flybys have unique features, but here we only focus on several structures that are consistently observed. The most interesting common feature is that of narrow dropouts in energetic electron fluxes, visible near the wake flanks. These are typically seen together with narrow flux enhancements inside the wake. A phase-space-density analysis for these structures from the first Rhea flyby (R1) shows that Liouville’s theorem holds, suggesting that they may be forming due to rapid transport of energetic electrons from the magnetosphere to the wake, through narrow channels. A series of possibilities are considered to explain this transport process. We examined whether complex energetic electron drifts in the interaction region of a plasma absorbing moon (modeled through a hybrid simulation code) may allow such a transport. With the exception of several features (e.g. broadening of the central wake with increasing electron energy), most of the commonly observed interaction signatures in energetic electrons (including the narrow structures) were not reproduced. Additional dynamical processes, not simulated by the hybrid code, should be considered in order to explain the data. For the small scale features, the possibility that a flute (interchange) instability acts on the electrons is discussed. This instability is probably driven by strong gradients in the plasma pressure and the magnetic field magnitude: magnetometer observations show clearly signatures consistent with the (expected) plasma pressure loss due to ion absorption at Rhea. Another potential driver of the instability could have been gradients in the cold plasma density, which are, however, surprisingly absent from most crossings of Rhea’s plasma wake. The lack of a density depletion in Rhea’s wake suggests the presence of a local cold plasma source region. Hybrid plasma simulations show that this source cannot be the ionized component of Rhea’s weak exosphere. It is probably related to accelerated photoelectrons from the moon’s negatively charged surface, indicating that surface charging may play a very important role in shaping Rhea’s magnetospheric interaction region.  相似文献   

RDI指数在新疆5个地区干旱监测的应用          下载免费PDF全文

王乃哲  景元书  徐向华  Hanggoro Wido 《干旱区地理》2020,43(1):99-107

为加强新疆地区干旱动态监测与评估，基于阿勒泰、伊宁、乌鲁木齐、和田、哈密5个气象站近49 a的逐日降水与蒸散数据，采用计算简单、敏感性与稳定性较强的RDI指数分析了5个地区季尺度以及年尺度的干旱特征，并指出了未来新疆地区干旱评估的发展方向。结果表明：（1） 5个地区在年尺度和4个季尺度上的干旱强度与频率略有差异，但干旱程度均有所下降，都存在湿润化趋势，乌鲁木齐湿润化程度最高，和田地区湿润化程度最低。（2） 从季节上看，阿勒泰地区夏、秋两季湿润化程度较高，春、冬两季湿润化程度较低；伊宁和乌鲁木齐两地夏、冬两季湿润化较明显，春、秋两季湿润化程度较低；和田、哈密两地春、夏、秋三季都比冬季湿润化程度高。  相似文献   

The meridional mode of global tropospheric–stratospheric circulation     

Xiao-Bo Yang  Zhen-Feng Ma  Ding-Yi Wang  Hua-Sheng Yan 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(11-12):856-863

The spatio–temporal variations of major meridional modes are studied by using the ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed geopotential data between 70 and 10 hPa during 1979 and 2001. The variance contribution rates from the first and second modes are 56–69% and 14–22%, respectively, for ECMWF, but 76–85% and 9–10% for NCEP/NCAR. The climatic trend coefficients are positive and negative in the troposphere and stratosphere, respectively. The reversal is remarkably correlated with the AO/NAM, AAO/SAM and polar vortex, suggesting their important role in connecting the mid-low and upper circulation and the interaction between SH and NH.  相似文献   

气候变化和人类活动对三江源地区植被生产力的影响     

李作伟  吴荣军  马玉平 《冰川冻土》2016,38(3):804-810

利用三江源区1982-2013年18个气象台站地面观测资料、GIMMS和MODIS两个卫星源的遥感监测值,以NDVI值和周广胜模型分别计算植被生产力和气候生产力,将植被生产力与气候生产力的差值定义为人类活动影响。在分析该区域植被生产力和气候生产力变化趋势的基础上,通过分离气候变化和人类活动对植被生产力的影响,从而定量评估两者的影响大小,研究结果表明：（1）在气候变化和人类活动的叠加作用下,三江源地区植被生产力、气候生产力和人类活动影响均趋于好转,平均每10a分别增加179kg·hm^-2、154kg ·hm^-2和24kg·hm^-2;（2）气候变化是影响植被生产力的决定性因素,但人类活动在一定程度上加快了其变化速率,尤其是进入21世纪以来人类活动正面影响较为明显,气候变化和人类活动对植被生产力的贡献率分别为87%和13%。  相似文献   

利用采暖/制冷度日分析建筑能耗变化的适用性评估   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李明财  郭军  史珺  熊明明 《气候变化研究进展》2013,9(1):43-48

采暖/制冷度日与建筑能耗有显著线性关系,被认为是最简单可靠的衡量能源需求的指标,但其适用性还缺乏全面的评估。通过模拟1961-2009年天津市办公、商场以及不同节能水平的居住建筑能耗,分析了能耗与采暖/制冷度日的关系,确定其反映能耗变化的适用性。结果表明：采暖期办公及商场建筑的热负荷与采暖度日的相关性达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,决定系数（R2）分别为0.99和0.97;制冷期冷负荷与制冷度日的关系尽管也达到极显著水平,但决定系数仅分别为0.64和0.55;不同节能水平居住建筑热负荷与采暖度日极显著相关,决定系数均在0.99以上。研究认为：采暖度日可以反映办公、商场及居住建筑的热负荷特征,用于分析气候变化对能耗的影响是可行的;但制冷度日不能完全反映办公及商场建筑冷负荷的变化,仅可分别解释冷负荷变化的64%和55%,单纯用制冷度日研究能耗变化是不够全面的。通过分析能耗与气候要素的关系发现,冬季采暖期能耗主要受气温的影响,而夏季制冷能耗受气温和湿度的共同影响。  相似文献   

渤海北部沿海近岸雾的特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

金巍  曲岩  卞韬  陈建军 《气象与环境学报》2012,28(2):40-43

分析了渤海北部沿海近岸营口站和熊岳站海雾的时间分布和地理分布等。结果表明：1954-2007年渤海北部沿海近岸两站浓雾日数呈递增趋势,两站白天递增趋势均强于夜间, 熊岳站通过0.05显著性检验;1954-2007年沿海近岸两站的轻雾日数整日、白天和夜间均呈递增趋势,并通过0.01显著性检验;渤海北部沿海近岸的浓雾逐月分布集中在11月至翌年2月;渤海北部沿岸海雾的逐时分布集中,出现频率最高的时间是06-08时。  相似文献   

海洋运动对大尺度风场影响的解析研究     

赵艳玲  邓冰  张铭  刘天军 《海洋科学进展》2012,30(3):328-337

为探讨海洋向大尺度风应力响应的具体过程,建立了考虑海面风应力强迫的正压原始方程海洋模型,并利用Green函数做了解析求解和讨论。发现风应力引起的Ekman抽吸正比于风应力旋度。得到了海洋向风应力响应的具体形式:即海洋流场和压力场进行着准平衡的演变,并有海洋中压力梯度与科氏力之间的准地转平衡以及海洋Ekman体积输送的散度场与风应力旋度场之间的准平衡;此时有短周期的重力惯性波被激发,该波会较快弥散掉;而准平衡的演变则始终持续着。海洋在大尺度风场的强迫下的运动由重力惯性波、强迫惯性振荡和缓慢演变的准平衡过程三部分组成;前两部分是快过程,第一部分更快,第三部分是慢过程。最终海洋运动表现为强迫惯性振荡和准平衡演变过程的叠加。  相似文献   

1961-2011年山东气候资源及气候生产力时空变化特征   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

韩玮  韩永红  杨沈斌 《地理科学进展》2013,32(3):425-434

基于山东省21个气象站1961-2011年的气象资料,利用线性趋势、IDW空间插值、Mann-Kendall检验、Fisher最优分割等方法分析了气温和降水的时空变化特征;在此基础上采用Thornthwaite Memorial模型对植被气候生产力的时空演变进行了研究,并探讨了气候生产力对气温和降水的敏感性。结果表明:近51年来山东省普遍增温,倾向率为0.359℃/10a,中部地区升温明显;年降水量在剧烈波动中略呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代降水量的变率较大,山东北部、东部、东南部降水量减少幅度较大。近51年来气候生产力存在较明显波动,总体呈增加趋势,但递增速度不显著,1981-1989年气候生产力最低,2003-2011年达到最高水平;气候生产力由北向南,由西向东逐渐增加,山东西南部气候生产力增加较多。“暖湿型”气候对作物气候生产力有利,气候变暖有利于气候生产力的提高,但降水量少是限制气候生产力的主要因素。  相似文献